Evaluating nutritional interventions of chronic kidney disease stage 3-5 using evidence mapping methodology

Objective To systematically summarize the trends of clinical trials of CKD stage 3-5 nutritional interventions through evidence mapping.Methods From the inception of database until April 2020, clinical trials and systemic reviews related to CKD stage 3-5 nutrition interventions were retrieved from such databases as CNKI, Wangfang, VIP, PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Clinicaltrials and Chictr.The distribution of evidence was examined by texted description, tables and graphs.Results A total of 773 literatures were examined by annual trend of publication, regional distribution, trial type, scale of clinical trial and outcomes.Conclusions Quantity of CKD stage 3-5 related researches on nutritional interventions showed a growing trend in both China and the United States.Type of nutritional interventions for CKD stage 3-5 was dominated by single-nutrient intervention(98%) and a few studies involved dietary structural interventions.For selecting efficacy parameters, ketoacid-assisted protein dietary intervention had 43 efficacy parameters.Longer and larger studies are required for further standardizing efficacy evaluations.Efficacy parameters of sodium restriction dietary intervention involved blood pressure, renal function and compliance, etc.The quality of clinical studies remained to be improved.Further standardization is necessary to provide more reliable evidence.Efficacy parameters of dietary structural interventions include renal function, blood pressure and nutritional status, etc.Dietary structure intervention shall be the direction of future research.