Research status of clearing indoxyl sulfate by targeting intestinal flora

Indoxyl sulfate (IS),as a typical uremia toxin metabolized by intestinal microorganism,plays an important role in the occurrence and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its related complications. With the proposal of "entero-renal axis" theory,it has shown that intestinal flora imbalance may elevate the level of IS level,accelerate disease progression and lead to a poor prognosis in CKD patients. This review summarized the latest methods of targeting intestinal flora for clearing IS.