Patterns of intestinal flora imbalance in diabetic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes based upon high-throughput sequencing

Objective To explore the patterns of intestinal flora imbalance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD)as compared to normal controls to examine the specific intestinal flora species of disease patients.Methods Taking inpatients as research objects,20 T2DM patients and 20 DKD counterparts were selected while 10 healthy family members of DKD patients and 10 healthy physical examination subjects as normal controls (control).Their stool samples were collected.Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was employed for DNA sequencing at 16SrDNA-V4 region of all bacteria in stool samples.And QIIME2 was utilized for process and analyze the original sequence.Results Compared with normal control group,DKD and T2DM groups had significant differences in the composition of intestinal flora (P<0.05).From phylum to mesh level,the bacteria with the most differential abundance among healthy subjects was Firmicutes.Staphylococcaceae families and Muribaculum genus had high numbers of intestinal flora in T2DM patients.Corynebacteriales order,Eisenbergiella genu and Ralstonia genus showed the most difference in the enrichment of DKD patients.The abundance value of Muribaculum genusis was relatively accurate to distinguish T2DM patients and normal controls (AUC=0.9048).The abundance values of genera Eisenbergiella and Muribaculum could distinguish the samples of DKD and T2DM subjects (AUC=0.9091).Conclusions DKD and T2DM patients have the same signal of changes in intestinal flora.However,there are also differences.Muribaculum genus can be used as a gut microbial marker for distinguishing T2DM patients from normal controls.Genera Eisenbergiella and Muribaculum can be used as markers for distinguishing DKD and T2DM patients.