Abstract: Renal anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease(CKD). Human gut microbiota participates in human metabolism, immunity and other functions, playing vital roles in the regulation of human health. Numerous studies have demonstrated that any disorder of gut microbiota is closely correlated with the occurrence and development of renal anemia. Gut microbiota disorder may aggravate renal anemia through lower erythropoietin production, iron metabolism disorder, aggravating inflammation and bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment disorder. Such probiotics as dietary fiber regulates intestinal microenvironment and improves renal anemia. This review focused upon the mechanism of the effect of gut microbiota on renal anemia and its regulatory role of dietary fiber.