Abstract: One important mode of maintaining life in patients with end-stage renal disease（ESRD） is hemodialysis. And vascular access has been a primary condition for hemodialysis. Offering the advantages of lower infection rate and complication rate as compared with other access modes, arteriovenous fistula（AVF） is the preferred vascular access mode in dialysis patients. However, there are currently more than 100 million chronic kidney disease（CKD） patients in China. Thus CKD has become one of the major diseases threatening domestic public health. Also there is an annually rising trend of ESRD along with a greater incidence of AVF dysfunction. Here molecular biological mechanisms of AVF dysfunction were summarized.